Showing 24 results for Energy
M. Sh. Bafghi, A. Yarahmadi, A. Ahmadi, H. Mehrjoo,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (9-2011)
Abstract
Abstract:
the reduction agent. Pellets of barite ore containing about 95% BaSO
temperature, time, ore grain size and the type and grain size of the carbon materials. Graphite, coke and charcoal have
been used as the reducing agent and the reduction experiments have been performed in the temperature range of 925-
1150 °C. Apart from conducting the experiments using pellets made of ore powder, kinetic analysis of the experimental
data by use of the reduced (dimensionless) time method has been another unique feature of the present study.
Experimental results show that grain size of either carbon material or barite ore has not appreciable effect on the
reaction rate. Kinetic analysis of the experimental data revealed the rate is strongly controlled by the chemical reaction
of carbon gasification (Boudouard reaction). The reaction rate is very considerably related to the type of carbon
material so that the activation energy varies from 15.6 kcal.mol
kcal.mol
gasification.
The present study deals with the reduction of barium sulfate (Barite) to barium sulfide by use of carbon as4 has been reduced under different conditions of-1 for charcoal to 26.3 kcal.mol-1 for graphite and 20.8-1 for coke. This behavior provides further support for the postulated reaction mechanism, i.e., carbon
Karmous Mohamed Salah,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (6-2012)
Abstract
Atomistic simulations are carried out for zeolite with ABW framework. The structure is modeled and force field simulations are preformed to investigate its elastic properties, bulk, shear modulus and auxeticity. Bulk moduli (Ks), Shear moduli (G), and Poissons ratios (ν) were found to be Ks=79.71725 GPa, G=16.93265 GPa, νxy = -0.2207, νxz= -0.5730, νyx= -0.71717, νyz=0.87013, νzx= -0.33097 and νzy=1.54568 for ABW the negative value of Poisson’s ratios reflects an auxetic behavior of material. An evaluation of the directional young’s moduli shows that the compressibility of ABW is not uniform along [100], [010] and [001] axes. All calculations were performed using GULP program.
A. Karimbeigi, A. Zakeri, A. Sadighzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
Ni and Cu elemental powder mixtures containing 25, 50, and 75% at Cu were subjected to mechanical alloying in a planetary ball mill under various milling times. Structural evolution was analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results indicated that nanostructured solid solution alloy powders having homogeneous distribution of Ni and Cu were formed by milling-induced interdiffusion of the elements. Average crystallite size of the as-milled powders was decreased with increasing Ni content and milling duration, and found to be in the order of 15-40 nm after 30 h of milling for all powder compositions. Moreover, lattice parameter and lattice strain of solid solutions were increased with the time of MA, which was more intense for nickel-rich alloys
M. S. Kaiser,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
Precipitation behaviour of wrought Al-6Mg alloys with ternary scandium and quaternary zirconium and titanium has been studied. Hardness measurements and resistivity studies are employed to assess the precipitation behaviour of scandium doped Al-6Mg alloy without or with quaternary additions of zirconium and titanium. Further, the kinetics of precipitations are studied by differential scanning calorimetric technique. Scandium has been observed to form fine coherent Al3Sc precipitates during ageing and these are responsible for strengthening of the alloys. The precipitation kinetics of Al3Sc depends on the diffusion of scandium in aluminium. Presence of fine coherent precipitates of Al3Sc impedes the migration of dislocations and increase the recovery temperature. The kinetics of recrystallisation is also delayed.
M. Sheikhshab Bafghi, M. Karimi, M. Adeli,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2013)
Abstract
In the present study, reduction of zinc oxide from the pellets made of steelmaking electric arc furnace dust has been investigated. Effects of such parameters as the type of carbon material (graphite, coke and charcoal) as well as time and temperature on the reduction reaction have been examined. The reduced (dimensionless) time method was applied to perform a kinetic analysis of the system. Experimental results showed that increasing the temperature in the range of 925-1150°C results in a remarkable increase in the reduction rate. It was also shown that the reduction process is controlled by chemical reaction. Meaningful difference in the activation energy values calculated for reduction with graphite (24.75 kcal/mol), coke (18.13 kcal/mol) and charcoal (11.52 kcal/mol) indicate the predominant role of chemical reaction (carbon gasification) in the overall reaction rate and its rate-controlling mechanism. Carbothermal reduction of pelletized EAF dust proved to be an efficient reduction method, so that above 90% reduction was achieved in about one hour at temperatures around 1100°C.
R. Zarei Moghadam, M.h. Ehsani, H. Rezagholipour Dizaji, M.r. Sazideh,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
In this work, Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature by vacuum evaporation technique. The deposited CdTe thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-Visible spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) techniques. Structural studies revealed that the CdTe films deposited at various thicknesses are crystallized in cubic structure. The results showed the improvement of the film crystallinity upon grain size increment. Optical constants such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant, volume energy loss function (VELF), and surface energy loss function (SELF) were calculated using UV-Vis spectra. In addition, band gap and Urbach energies were calculated by Tauc and ASF methods. The band gap energy of the specimens was found to decrease from 1.8 to 1.4eV with increasing the thickness of films. The absorption coefficient, computed and plotted versus the photon energy (hν) and tailing in the optical band gap, was observed which is understood based on Urbach law. Urbach energy variation from 0.125 to 0.620 eV in the samples with higher thicknesses is concluded.
H. Esfandiar, S. M. Hashemianzadeh, S. Saffary, S. Ketabi,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have become common in many applications of biotechnology due to their specific properties. Shape and size are important attributes which affect their solubility in water. In this study, the outcomes of Monte Carlo Simulation for the solvation of gold nanorods in aqueous solution with the different radii, in terms of solvation free energy, are discussed. Simulation results show a negative solvation free energy for all the samples with radii of 4 to 9Å. The results show that the absolute values of solvation free energy for gold nanorods with smaller radius are larger, which indicate the dependency between the gold nanorods solvation and their radius.
A. R. Abbasian, M. R. Rahimipour, Z. Hamnabard,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
In this work, lithium meta titanate (Li2TiO3) nanocrystallites were synthesized by hydrothermal method and subsequent heat treatment. The shrinkage of the powder compact was measured under constant heating rate in order to study the sintering behavior of the synthesized powders. Densification curves of the synthesized powders were also constructed via the dilatometry analysis and evaluated at several heating rates. Two separate methods of analytical procedure and master curve sintering were employed to determine the activation energy of the initial sintering stage. The activation energy values were estimated based on these two distinct methods as 229±14 and 230 kJ/mol respectively, consistenting with each other. Moreover, surface diffusion was determined as the dominant mechanism of densification on initial sintering of Li2TiO3 nanocrystallites.
T. Mandal, D. Roy,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanomaterials (MIONs) have been extensively investigated for the various important applications. Coprecipitation, hydrothermal, high temperature decomposition of organic precursors, microemulsions, polyol methods, electrochemical methods, aerosol method, sonolysis and green synthesis processes for the fabrication of MIONs have been reviewed. Different characterization methods like XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM for the as prepared MION materials have been studied. Important applications of MIONs in the field of biomedical, nanorobotics and energy devices have also been addressed in this review. Target oriented drug delivery and hyperthermia applications of MIONs have also focused
Mohammad Ali Maghsoudlou, Reza Barbaz Isfahani, Saeed Saber-Samandari, Mojtaba Sadighi,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (6-2021)
Abstract
The low velocity impact (LVI) response of pure and glass fiber reinforced polymer composites (GFRP) with 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was experimentally investigated. LS-DYNA simulation was used to model the impact test of pure and incorporated GFRP with 0.3 wt% of SWCNT in order to compare experimental and numerical results of LVI tests. All tests were performed in two different levels of energy. In 30J energy, the specimen containing 0.5 wt% SWCNT was completely destructed. The results showed that the incorporated GFRP with 0.3 wt% SWCNT has the highest energy absorption and the back-face damage area of this sample was smaller than other specimens. TEM images from specimens were also analyzed and showed the incorporation of well-dispersed 0.1 and 0.3 wt% of SWCNT, while in specimens containing 0.5 wt% of CNT, tubes tended to be agglomerated which caused a drop in LVI response of the specimen. The contact time of impactor in numerical and experimental results was approximately equal; however, the maximum contact forces in LS DYNA simulation results were higher than the experimental results which could be due to the fact that in the numerical modeling, properties are considered ideal, unlike in experimental conditions.
Sara Ahmadi, Bijan Eftekhari Yekta, Hossein Sarpoolaky, Alireza Aghaei,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
In the present work, monolithic gels were prepared through different drying procedures including
super critical, infrared wavelengths and traditional drying methods. Dense and transparent glasses
were obtained after controlled heat treatment of the dried porous xerogels in air atmosphere.
The chemical bonding as well as different properties of the prepared gels and the relevant glasses
were examined by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmitt-
Teller (BET) and UV-Vis spectrometer. Based on the obtained results, different drying conditions
affect the average pore size and the total pore volume of the studied gels. The mean pore size was
found to be 8.7 nm, 2.4 nm and 3.2 nm for super critical, IR radiation and slow drying in air
atmosphere, respectively. The glass network structure was significantly changed by heat treatment temperature so that the B-O-Si bonds were formed only after 450 °C. It was found that the gel dried under super critical condition was unable to reach to its full density all over the selected sintering temperature interval.
Nihel Hsouna, Mohsen Mhadhbi, Chaker Bouzidi,
Volume 19, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Phosphate glass with different Al2O3 and Na2CO3 compositions [80NaH2PO4-(20-x) Na2CO3-xAl2O3 with a step from 0 to 4] were prepared through melt quenching technique furnace at 900 °C. In order to determine the structure and microstructure modification of the samples after heat treatment the IR and Raman spectroscopy were performed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) result shows an amorphous character of the prepared glass. The result obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveals a good thermal stability in the temperature range of 25 to 400 °C. The impedance Nyquist diagrams were investigated and modeled by resistors and constant phase elements (CPE) equivalent circuits. These measurements show a non-Debye type dielectric relaxation. Both AC and DC conductivity, dielectric constant, and loss factors were determined. Thermal activation energies were also calculated. A changes in the electrical conductivity and activation energy depend upon the chemical composition were observed. Also, a transition in the conduction mechanism from ionic to mixed ionic polaronic was noted. In the same line, electrical modulus and dielectric loss parameters are also deduced. Their frequency and temperature dependency exhibited relaxation behavior. Likewise, activation energies value obtained from the analysis of M’’ and those obtained from the conductivity are closes, which proves the optimal character of the preparation conditions.
Nouar Sofiane Labidi,
Volume 19, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
The synthesed foam-shaped zeolite ZSM-5 material w:::as char:::acterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET technique. The adsorption performances of the material were evaluated for the basic blue-41 dye removal. A maximum removed amount of 161.29 mg/g at 323K was achieved. Experimental kinetic data of this new adsorbent fitted well the pseudo-second order model. The apparent diffusion coefficient values was in the range of 10-12 cm2/s. The regeneration tests revealed that the adsorption efficiency of the foam-shaped zeolite was retained after three regeneration runs, with a loss of 6% of the original adsorbed value.
Sonali Wagh, Umesh Tupe, Anil Patil, Arun Patil,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Temperature is one of the key factor that affecting the electrical, physical, structural, and morphological properties as well as the crystallinity of the nanomaterials. The current study investigates the effect of annealing temperature on the structural and electrical properties of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) thick films. La2O3 thick films were prepared on a glass substrate using a conventional screen printing technique. In this work, T1 is an unannealed prepared film, whereas T2 and T3 are annealed in a muffle furnace for 3 hours at 350°C and 450°C, respectively. XRD technique was exploited to investigate the crystallization behavior of the films. It was found that the crystal structure of La2O3 thick films are pure hexagonal phase. The annealing temperatures were revealed to have influence on the crystallite sizes of the films. SEM and EDS was used to study the morphology and elemental analysis of the films respectively. The electrical properties of the films were explored by measuring resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR), and activation energy at lower and higher temperatures regions. The film annealed at 450°C has high resistivity, a high TCR, and small crystallite size. The thickness of the La2O3 thick films was also found to decrease as the annealing temperature increased.
Bijan Eftekhari Yekta, Omid Banapour Ghafari,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Glasses in the B2O3-Li2 (O, Cl2, I2) system were prepared through the conventional melt-quenching method. Then, the conductivity of the molten and glassy states of these compositions was evaluated. Furthermore, the thermal and crystallization behavior of the glasses was determined using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The electrical conductivity of the melts was measured at temperatures ranging from 863 to 973 K, and the activation energy of the samples was calculated using the data obtained from ion conduction in the molten state and found to be in the vicinity of 32 kcal/mol. In glassy states, electrical conductivity was also measured. To determine this property, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method (EIS) was used. In the molten state, temperature played an important role in the ion conductivity; however, at lower temperatures, other factors became important. Based on the results, the addition of LiI and LiCl to the B2O3-Li2O base glass system (75 B2O3, 10 Li2O, 7.5 LiI, 7.5 LiCl) (mol%) increases the ionic conductivity of the glass from 3.2 10-8 S.cm-1 to 1.4 10-7 S.cm-1 at 300 K.
Farnoosh Turki, Abdolhossein Jalali Aghchai,
Volume 21, Issue 0 (3-2024)
Abstract
The Directed Energy Deposition (DED) process is very sensitive to thermal environments, tends to produce residual stresses and geometric distortion. It is important to understand the influence of processing parameters on these effects in order to enhance build quality. The objective of this study is to control residual stress and distortion in the DED process by investigating baseplate thickness, number of layers deposited before laser interruption, dwell time, and laser power by a full factorial experiment design. The numerical results were validated by experimental measurement of residual stress using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The optimized processing conditions resulted in a 43% reduction in residual stress and a 33% decrease in dimensional distortion compared to the baseline setup. Among the four factors, baseplate thickness had the most significant effect, whereas dwell time had the least impact. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the combined effect of baseplate thickness, dwell time, number of layers deposited before laser interruption, and laser power on residual stress and distortion in DED has not been previously investigated. The findings of this study provide a mathematical basis for future research aimed at optimizing process and material parameters in DED process.
Yugen Kulkarni, Niketa Pawar, Namrata Erandole, Muskan Mulani, Mujjamil Shikalgar, Swapnil Banne, Dipali Potdar, Ravindra Mane, Smita Mahajan, Prashant Chikode,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
The paper investigates the solar photodegradation of Methylene Blue dye using copper oxide (CuO) thin films synthesized by the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the CuO thin films have been investigated by employing a variety of methods, such as Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The outcomes showed that CuO thin films with excellent surface shape and a highly crystalline nature had been successfully deposited. Methylene Blue was subjected to solar radiation during its photodegradation process, and the outcomes showed a significant decrease in the dye's concentration over time. To maximize the photo degradation process, the effects of other experimental factors were also assessed, such as the starting concentration of MB, the quantity of CuO thin film, number of SILAR cycles and the pH of the solution. Good photocatalytic activity is demonstrated by CuO thin films produced using the SILAR approach in the solar photodegradation of methylene blue. The development of affordable and ecologically friendly wastewater treatment technology that can use sun energy to break down persistent organic contaminants is affected by these findings.
Muhammad Shahzad Sadiq, Muhammad Imran, Abdur Rafai, Muhammad Rizwan,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
With increasing energy demand and depletion of fossil fuel resources, it is pertinent to explore the renewable and eco-friendly energy resource to meet global energy demand. Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as plausible candidates in the field of photovoltaics and considered as potential contender of silicon solar cells in the photovoltaic market owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, low-cost and high absorption coefficients. Despite intensive research, PSCs still suffer from efficiency, stability, and reproducibility issues. To address the concern, the charge transport material (CTM) particularly the electron transport materials (ETM) can play significant role in the development of efficient and stable perovskite devices. In the proposed research, we synthesized GO-Ag-TiO2 ternary nanocomposite by facile hydrothermal approach as a potential electron transport layer (ETL) in a regular planar configuration-based PSC. The as synthesized sample was examined for morphological, structural, and optical properties using XRD, and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the high crystallinity of prepared sample with no peak of impurity. The optimized GO-Ag-TiO2 ETL exhibited superior PCE of 8.72% with Jsc of 14.98 mA.cm-2 ,Voc of 0.99 V, and a fill factor of 58.83%. Furthermore, the efficiency enhancement in comparison with reference device is observed which confirms the potential role of doped materials in enhancing photovoltaic performance by facilitating efficient charge transport and reduced recombination. Our research suggests a facile route to synthesize a low-cost ETM beneficial for the commercialization of future perovskite devices.
Muhammad Rizwan,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Powder-based Physical Vapor Deposition (PPVD) was utilized to deposit doped TiO2 thin layers, to modify electronic and optical properties. The modification was performed using different dopants (MnO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5) at different concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 mol%) respectively. The structural characterization by FESEM reveals that the size of the grain varied with respect to the dopants. The sample doped at lower concentration demonstrates a larger crystallite size than the sample doped at higher concentration. This trend is consistent with the measured grain size of the doped thin layer samples. The nonlinearity coefficient (α) and breakdown voltage at lower ranges are enhanced as the dopant concentration in the TiO2 lattice increases due to the reduction of grain size. While, the optical properties of doped TiO2 thin layers with respect to energy bandgap demonstrated enhancement trend with the addition of the dopant as revealed by UV-Vis’s reflectance analysis. The enhancement of electrical and optical properties is contributed by the formation of barrier layer surrounding the grains, which in return increases the conductivity of the doped TiO2 thin layers sample. Conclusively, this study demonstrates the feasibility of the PPVD method in producing a dense thin layer structure for further optical and electrical based applications.
Mohammad Derakhshani, Saeed Rastegari, Ali Ghaffarinejad,
Volume 22, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
In this research, the morphology of the Ni-W coating was modified by adding graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets in such a way that a foam-like structure with high porosity and holes in the form of intertwined tunnels was obtained. Different amounts of GO nanosheets were added to the plating bath and the resulting coating was examined. In order to estimate the electrochemically active surface area, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) test was used. Moreover, the linear polarization test (LSV) and chronoamperometry in 1 M NaOH were conducted to investigate the electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It was found that by adding 0.4 g/L GO to the electroplating bath, the electrocatalytic properties are doubled and the active surface of the electrode is significantly increased.
