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Highlights
1. ZnO, Sn- and Al-doped thin films were synthesized by spray pyrolysis.
2. Analyses revealed doping effects on ZnO structure, optical and surface traits.
3. Bandgap decreased from 3.254 eV (ZnO) to 3.142 eV (Sn) and 3.152 eV (Al).
4. Pure ZnO degraded 85% of methylene blue, showing the best photocatalysis.
5. Langmuir adsorption showed Sn-doped ZnO had highest capacity of 1.422 mg/g.