Hierarchical Nested Cascade Control Framework for Enhanced Energy Management in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Bayat, Peyman; Bayat, Pezhman

doi:10.22068/ase.2025.722

Volume 15, Issue 3 (9-2025) ASE 2025, 15(3): 4833-4854 | Back to browse issues page

‎ 10.22068/ase.2025.722

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Bayat P, Bayat P. Hierarchical Nested Cascade Control Framework for Enhanced Energy Management in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles. ASE 2025; 15 (3) :4833-4854
URL: http://www.iust.ac.ir/ase/article-1-722-en.html

Hierarchical Nested Cascade Control Framework for Enhanced Energy Management in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Peyman Bayat

, Pezhman Bayat

Hamedan University of Technology

Abstract: (1444 Views)

This study proposes a hierarchical nested cascade control framework to enhance voltage regulation and current management in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs). The architecture addresses limitations of conventional cascade control by reducing design complexity and improving resilience under dynamic and uncertain conditions. It integrates three coordinated layers: an outer control level (OCL) employing an adaptive proportional–integral controller for DC bus voltage regulation, and two internal layers, middle (MCL) and inner (ICL), implemented via backstepping controllers for precise current control of fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. By combining nonlinear control with model reference adaptive control, the system dynamically tunes parameters to maintain voltage stability across variable load profiles. Simulations using the WLTC-Class 3 cycle show that the proposed strategy (Case 1) achieves superior battery sustainability, with a final SOC of 74.2%, compared to 71% and 72.5% in benchmark strategies (Cases 2 and 3). Under battery aging (20% increased resistance, 15% reduced capacity), DC bus voltage remains within ±3.5 V of the 380 V reference, with only 18% ripple increase and 0.8% additional SOC depletion. A resilience index of 96.5% confirms robustness, outperforming benchmarks (84.2%, 89.7%). To further validate performance under real-world urban conditions, date-specific driving cycles tailored for Shiraz city were employed. Results confirm the framework’s effectiveness in sustaining stability, efficiency, and scalability for next-generation FCHEV energy systems.

Keywords: Adaptive proportional–integral controller, Backstepping controller, Energy management system, Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs), Hierarchical nested cascade control

Full-Text [PDF 2123 kb] (687 Downloads)

Type of Study: Research | Subject: Storage systems (battery, ultracapacitor, flywheel, etc)